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<-~rfL~*Jl Oj i a j Jl 4pp- ^p ^p J jl j^J?jLil jl5 


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.aJjjJl! a^J^LJI j^jLJI 4_^>- j * j Sll 

L)1 J 4 <iaj| O jAL^aj ^Ul O iij.il 
A™JL> 4 ^ ^ A ^ /^-a <j LS" j .^UJl jJ *> ^>«Jl AA iaJwA O^JLwA 

l» ^3 ^j-L ^ijl aJI dUi ^ ^^j^Lv^Jl ©A* a>-Ij LA 4 aJI 

l»-?Ll? jl oLs%u^/l t *cLl L lj .JiDJ ^J-aLJw 

oLf4 AxJlii^o oIjL^a L$J a-aJul^a j_-^?Llp t j» 4 AjwuLwJl 

4 ^L* la 11 ^ j-LL-Jl ^jiLSLLl ioL*Jl a>-L>JI ^\ .ajjl^j . aAJl i ^a 

^y lp ^jIa I I a31 l ^^ a X o Aj OL® 4 AJLmJL^vJI t J • ^j.»».«.li^i 4 *«* A i l l^ 

4A-!1JLaJI JP AjjiaJ ^-JJ ^ ^JL A : » :? laH otalJUCLw/Vl 

^JJLaJ! a .1 La«l ^ jj ^yJl 4 aJUuJU .^jJuJl 4 a.**»L>«%*%JI^ 

4— w»L*Ij La frl^Lj 4 ^J^Jl oUj A-o-AL^aJI * ^c-^o 4 A.w*L**S/ 1 

jl 4olilJUaJl jl 4 aJLjLkJI oLoJl «•! y*M IJiaj S ai<. J g ^ 

•X+S. b j 3j ^ A^i-Jpj Aj^iaj Aj ^ iaj 0| .A-^*Lw*-Jl Oj^lLJl 

LaUjp ^jJl £~j j^\ 

oJjb U3b 4 ^>kj .a-^-LJI aiaJ?^ a-I^L L)^^* yAP 
ol <JL>-jJlS V 4 aJI-L^JI Oj*^ 4 aJ^Ljl^JI oli^L^Jl 


Plato, The Republic of Plato , Translated with Introduction and Notes by (3) 
Francis MacDonald Comford (London; New York: Oxford University Press, 
1977), p. 24. 


32 



Lk^_ 9 jlJLlL 1' J Llljubli . \ .^Lp L*~4 

4ww>- jjJl J fA . «,/h >-^fl •OU'^Lp ^J-A b-LL ^JwP- V w) jJL) La j l ^j_x*_*Jl 

. 4... ‘ .. ^ .<>J ' 4-^cwJaJl s^jL! * u k j fc >LH 

^3 JJ U.o t OjL^ >^3 V <ww»jJL l LjJajJl 4 /►.fra C^-jIS 

LUIj j LS" aij ,^jLaj^L^<J\ ^j-L>tiil j ^L^J! ^zi-SLJLa <^>-1 j-« 
aJj-UJ a^«jJL j_L <J 1^— *-%J \ jU! L>_AjJLsi2-« 

1^>Jla ^ L>j-o <* l$jji>- j L^)j 1_^_*-Lajjj jij £ ^Jjl 

ji . J? ^ L^uj>L XL) ^LJl bJJ3 ^ ^51 

LI^J-JlJ 0)^-9 L— 1 ^— (^b-J !l y A 0-i—>- ^ j—P ^ ^J^.rO— ] I »*L>— >e— w)i lw\_A 
4-»b**Jl y^\ <jlj cbj j-*-Ll cj y+g ) J t 

aJI-uJI sj: j \. S lilj .yp ^JL i\ J iS ! ^^7 ^Jl ^jiJl Lg-J-~J 

<Sj*^ ol Cj^hj jL Ljl jJ 

La^)^3 pL\ aJ jjJJ aJ jSiJi ^>xj^ ^yli ^-..Lbl 1 <JL*»p1 

^3 bU^ ^j-a ^>LJl J^Llp^H ^\j l \ $ ' *■ « 4-«-~ .Ip ^Jl ^L.w»*y L 
^JUl ^L-jJl cjL i. LaL>J ( J-^->Jl ^jA £y-t ^bJl ul LLLaj .^J^J! L>e^? 
yP ,JjL« ^ 1 )g 1 U LJ_J .<3 j-L)l y3 ^Jwn^Lj (j j^-LvjVI Aj 

XJUJ j! Jj *)L i (*vw*ip ^i-P A lifljJ J L^LLl 

.^-*a>L-~J!^ ^pLaJ^-'V I <^pl 1 j-A^2_a .AjJ^>*J 4_-_^LwwJ I AjjJajJl 

J-A l^Ja pLjiVl ^Jbl (jL L aJls^LwO ^jjJlLwa ^9 5L>Jl OolS^ U j 

^^ 3 , gj A.J I I ) b I _^-o— > , 1 4^v« L_^L' I 7j^ 3 L^.l 1 w— 3 L ^»5^l 

.LJLaLwo 

.37 t jwU^al! (4) 

.163 ^y> i<L^ jJ-^ail (5) 

.143 ^y? t A^Jit j-UaLI (6) 

33 



Ol5 j L&J-La j-U A<*ȣ>s O Ls aJ_Pj 

-L%_*_»*J! oL^o^/l jl ,^JlJ 1 Jp! j-^-* A<»JC>e-) JlO^JO»_i 0 

O^ C 3L>JJ A j_A ^->*Jl <I^>L>LiJL> jA~o . J La- W A~«Aj A^>- Jf*-** 

Jl^JVl ^iSl aIJJ aJI ^>o~j Lo l> 1p Jaj (The Good) 

J-j V (, ^L-vulJl yoj J • L^_j ^y Lj A^jLj jl AyU ^oL^j 

O-i IS" J3 j , j^a+\\ A*la JOa AA-- ol^> AS y*>J /y aLpIa) 1 Aw»L—wJl o^LJLU 
,+ ^ j L? a^LopLj 4_p ^ 3 _l« Llfl-wjOvJ i a -/ a -<> ^ ll o ylp^LsI oj13^L>- 

o^_^wAj>x_xkJl 0 »> I^LyJl y*a aL < > -• > - ^Jl L^Jlyi^lj 43 A»-^ y^o \ ^Ja_>- 
As4?L>«Jl A>tL»< 2 -<*J! ^_vPj 0 | .Awi>s-JL3l AxAOJi Cj* ( yJl 

I ^aJI yjJl i,> yLi 1 ^->o ^»L*Jl ^JLsaJI (3 y® a^j y* 
.^51 aL^Ja« y* J 2 J 23 IwL>-!_^ I j - ^ - p 1 yl5 j*j LIs^wmAwmJ I L)l cLl«j1 
aJ^L^s-o ^yLvd ^J-P Ajjjj ^ o >■-)! 0jjL>«-4 j \jlS ojj L>t-^ Ow^-iaJol 

.io-uJ) i,jl oJiLi ^Jl 1*15 SyUI uU^I p | ^1 0>^1 

An^L^xJI .■<•?-•>- vw^-LJaJLj La-lJLAj ^jlJI 0 Aj>- yJl ooLS'j 

L)L>J jJjj e-l yt3l ,y A*P jJli .A^Pj 0 A>t*L>«Jl twdipl jjdlj 

o|_ . «£JJl ^y JpI ji}^ ^5" aJIj! ^-^aAA> yLu*>*iAJ y aajJI a^j) ^ a 4 

yixaj j.aa)1 j y**Jl ya J5 <J l*3l j- 0 > ULp yjl A^plitJl La -o. ) 1 

.L*-« ^->wL ^J l ^OL>twO_ll ^|-s<pLaa XJLj Ja_)!j jJi Q«JLtf-i L)l iaA3 

^3 Ails* I jJl t AJUa_*Jlj a-_aU jJl ^-Oj JjVLiw 

^^J-P j!hJ>-\ ^ Aa I wLA APjJ Lk-^wLSLJj ^ J-wJl j iJjJLJl 

j5\ jA LajJ y Laool> a J l oO>-^Jl 

.ojIjJL ^jljSfl ^LoaVI cJ ^>- t aa!x>*-« 


34 


.87 j 63-59 ^ vO j-Uai! (7) 

.112 v <— Jii jA.aI I (8) 



( dj LJlS - ^-4_i nj \ La „lx_p LaLlL I I >Xjb <L*> -Xj>tj n 

J^b [^Ju ^L-sNi JLp 4(>5U (>5U) c(^J ^j) 

1^-3 ^ ^iil aJjaJI lLUj O JjjJ! .apLu>«JI 

Li-i? t O L>c- 1 Ja ■»/? oJ 1 a*L* L^x-Li ^ 1 

c Ujl>“1 iS^jt LawL*3 .Ijl>-Ij ^rj ^iJJJJ 

La j ^>\^ j jJI ^3 pJjJj ^Ll! 4 Lg-LS" -L^->sJl JLs^jI 

j Ja. *J \ pJL ^ LgJLS* -iijLLjJ J t^J^L Ijla * x>Jl 

A^v-Aj ^a^lj .A*_w?j ,j-a ,*JLo AjI (J j-Aj Ljb ^Lu 

_jl ^>-1 yJ^S' <J^\ LaUJs^ 4_w*> 4_*JLoJl j\ pJ'Vl ,^lp 7**^ L 

. (9 W i ji 


L^J Li 4 -L^_x»J I ( ^_9 <U^> 1 JJ I 4_*j Lj I * Lv i3-aJ I ^ Lo ® 

4 ^^jLI eiLb 4 <l)L^-y-Jl <LaLp ,^J| 4-o J_oJl <bb-9 ^o k — i j ^SS^m 

j-A La-S^ A-wLa^I ^ <LwA| j-SLSI jJLjJlj 4 oljLw^wa'^Ul J 

(i ^->-X^Jl ^1-WaJl 03*^^ t OL^La ^3 L &S 4 ^A cLLL^J 4 Lfcjb L^b 

£*L>sJ1j <v la ll ol Li j-a o 015 . «aLs^Ij 

^-A-ySaJl ^_a 0 N 't 4 JoLj CjI Ju-L^_) ^A ^^sLjJIj 

L^bp JL>- | ^_9 *^j>-jL>- CjLj j_JL*_j 4_v?L>cJI *\ I ( ^3 ^-5L>tjJl 

0» 4 L*J? p-fr* j-*~ ^lj .55 ^JL*J| oLal^J'yi 

<lL^<LI J jjJI oj^ •__t5LaJ I *^L J^Lkj! Lp 4 ajL^JI i ^ 5 3 4 wLojl*_i 
^->c_j Ojl L ajLaJ 13I 4 — s 'i --; A-^L_> 

^ U .- J l o} .^Ul ^tJL^aJL 5^/LJl La^^x-j 4 Aj^jjaJl oLUJI 
4 Lw^LwwJl oLpLwaJIj c^L-s^ L^JJl ^ — LL>- 4 _Laj a w ^?bLjl 


35 


.164-163 ^ jjuail (9) 
.270 ^ 4A«i; Jjudl (10) 



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^5-LJl j-d jJ JJL*Jl ^ oJL>- ^jJaJl jj .L-La^M 

j 4 Lj ,^lJl i ^- a a-La J^A-*Jl o jJLs c L*_* ^-LoJl £-<>JL5>x-gJlj jJl 

.^-SL*Jl ^-ILJ ^1 5^ ^.LJl aJLapJI 

. ajIS^JI j^p <\j j**-* '*— ^ j^-L a^L>JI pI ^5 a*j J\ 

L>-^jV i j}\ ,*_>-La Ljj g <k >«J l Sj^L?«-«o a,L5 Ju 

J-a*JI oLL> tLjjjJl aaJL>JI UjpIj co^lxiJNl 1^-»L^ 

t ^jjA J^>- 0-LU ^^jJ^Aj j/ i 1.0. ^ >XvJ .oJL—*J ^Jl 
. / % -f» Lx>-lj Lx-&jI j ^-JsJ^lj-^JI °jL| 

ojiUl ^La*£JI oj3 ^^LiL o! a1pLaJ!_9 aj ^a)I o^LaIJ ,’y^^jj 

^ ja jLS jJj aJ-S ^j3 ^jJucJl j- L>iJ jl 

C -lAL*_> L»^" t^Li '^J >T - > c k^3 jJl .^ 5 )) • L*jL j j 1 

LLs oLi j jl J jL>*J ^ j t Ju^LS* s Ju*_~» o LSjjJl 

C (JLo->xJ|j t AA ..-A> *J ' ^j-LoJI j)} • ^ojLLpx^j 

<^j\jj>- JS vL> (jj-^Oljl ^li-Ll la| ,aJ jjjl J 0 ^JlJl^ A3 1 

^Jp ^Uo Jjl ^Jj Aj ^31 -UL CjI^ ^>- ^5 aJLw^/ I Ajj^tlll 

^jlj^p'l ^Lp- (^*-L ^j-LoJl ajLs^ 

Uj>-j ^1 1-La u ( J_^-*Jl ^-vv^aL ^jJ^JL 

.j-ali>- j\ j01^j\j oJLaLw 


S^L-aJI OjISj . a^^a ‘LoLw^^i ^jli_) o j/ 1 1-La ^Jj^J jl5 

jLw^Jl ^Jj j-L-ij 1 1 jJ j_p ^j-j-Lil kjJjLjV^ .L-i p^lJ 


^-^-»1j LaVl ^JL^aJ aJL j U Jjoa! a^LJI ^u-Uj>JL 


.337-333 ^ ^kJ& (11) 

.110 ^y> L<C~JJ J-Uail (12) 


36 



<L $ y bjj ^ “=>»■ I -/J a yjp ! 

4*1? 1 jJLq-j jJ I jli 4 LJLp Lo^Ju f\ j *>* Jl aJu JLLP lla !l 

0-9 jJl ^3j . LkLj> j_3j L^_jjlJ>-jJ 1 $JjJlL© i A ^4L 3 A-LgJ-g-© J-L*JO» 
o>-^ s-LUuj t pLoJ! j^^j t O mj2j 

<Jj"V o! jJL ( j^ L^j ^^-LL Lo LJLp jjJs> , ‘>\_3l o>L*— * ^v© 

O—ilSj c UL>- pa >oJ 1 ojJJLjl ^Usu JwOJo OalpjJl OJ 15 JLaJ . o y> 

A**>x*&a ll ^JlP (J* ,^3 I 4^^v*_oJl^ 4 lg 1 .... 1' oJ^>-^ A_^-»j Lw^Jl o^LwfiJl 

— O jl ((<> SsJl o j^Ja— *1® O-p^-j 5 j I J-9j . ojl JJl 

ikJLJl jl .aJoIjI j^pj 4_kL~Jl jj ^^JLp jlS" dJJoJl 

. Ajj-jl ^£5"l b L^.«.Ua."." A-*P jOJl A— *L— Jl 
SjjL>*_© 4—>li£ Lfj JajQ>-l ^yJl t j jJ> jL$l o_p iO-*-~© jl5 

l aJl$L*JI^ 4 jL aJLo_jI c ioLJLLS ^ ^ ^ ^ 

4j>JLm 2-<JI tw.bS ^Jl ^IjjJl ^JlP j-s-o-J 4-s^lj>tJl oLp>Jj ^ ^>-'^1 

il .yyyj> j-<Jl JJxJl a>J^ 2 ^j ^Jl 4j>-^iJ| y& o^LdJl o^ajj 4 a^pUJI 
4 4^aJl>tJl <ZjVjjJj «j3 H Jj-Lp- JjLpOJ 4-^Lp- o< 0 L© ^j| ^>JJ 
jr° Oj-Ui 2 j>w ^_jl U5 4 j*jb ^^Lp p-fr! cr*^J 

.oJ-&l jJl J ^J>Jl oL^- 4 ii ^->xj Aj y5Lj 4 1 g . ‘ La I j| d 

4 A_}^ A_Px-I.ya-<«»_l I ^tJ)JL> ^L^Jl bj_J 

o ^JJI ^ j ^ - 1^1 j . A_s^ L>> oL^ ^-*^1 ^^tJl ^ 

.O bjj>- Op j j^joI-L^ ^j-OJI 

/^waLs^-© i oL>Jl ^3 A^jjJaJl ojjt> jj5co» w 

4 1^©!^ lj ^ ^ ' <wpU>- L^/p^l jl «— s^LsA? bl_^ 

p-G-’J?! ^JJ^J y* °J^i ^L^aJ ^ y& jjJjitO^ 


jJl^II (13) 


37 



<1)1 ^ pLsA-i— Jl d) jlJ>u 


t .j-^.J ^ 1 d^->~ v!)^-v2-iLj ^3 . ^,,g- 1 *LaA->- 

ju£I ^^J^IjJI j*_fjlJLpl ^ j->- JL>- <■ ^1 £jj jj j^So 

Lo (jlp 4j>t-~*\S Aj ^jajj AP^J ^£^3^ t ^ ~ ^ ~ > ~ ^jjl 


<1)1 4 oJ-j>- ^-Jl ^_1 _p oJ-j-LJlj J-S' *• *>^1 <1)L-S" 

o I fr I.aSnJ I j i-o.! 11 j ****m*Jb 1 L^Lp Ls jmwj ^_jw\_<i_Jl * — I 

<U~-L~Jl AjL^JsLi ^w---Lu? ^3 <Ui-i J . I 

0 1 ^*P . Uaj I Aj .AJ ( L.^- ! ) A3 I Aj jJaj ^J*Sd*»vj^ i A^-wJlJ 1 I ^ 

*LL^-JL<>Jl 3 ~L>*j ^ AjlL^JI l 

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t A-jLJl^ AjJaVl ^jJLdJ ^A ^jbLll^ 3 Jj>x,j*J| 

Nj .aJIjlJIj ^^L-Jl ^LjLo (_$-* ^ 

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Lxjli ^*»Ul s^jlpl <1 )^^j L*«jj^ .^j^Jl A-Jp C-woJa_> ^jJl A-wvwi2j lOjliJl 
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i a^>t h/g *» 11 oIpI^jJI Jj>- jl oliJl a^-L>J o3jj_>c_<Jl jLxiS/1 

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* <1)S/ wiUij 

oJ_>-I J <oL*_**Jl J . ^ L l > wu l^- Ly- a j-P* <1 ) jjUL)1» 

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cJ t J^-sJ ^A>tlj Aj JuwL^jJl J 1 (1 ) jjUJL 


.109 ^ U — 4> J-Uail (14) 


38 



^ J-S" I^j 61 ^^61 >ib-oJl 6 j^”jLLl> ^ ^ 1 .* >*-> 

jJl 6 J.L J-p ^Ul J-56L) ^ * 16 _^p ^56 ^Jj ^LJl ^JL^aJl 
ur® fJ>J J-i J-S' j-J (»j>J J-* 

/ 15 Wu*Jl 

jiuJl ^jLjlU iLLc* 0 j3 j^j-i Oi 6 J^L- 
Lo-$L>tJ| c j_pU ,^-Lp j~* A - a ''^' 4-LwJ6 j-^p t I 

OjjL>x^ ^3 Vl 61 .0 JJ*}\ oLjxJIj LJ*>U»-Vl 

i_ 5 ^ 6 y>%Zj jJ i . J li l> 3J| Lg-)l AjL^JI ^3 i^JU 

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oL_>kJJ LxjL \jS jj» 6 ^J^^-3 V j^j-i 61 ^_^_oJI y> ,Jj«_>tj IJLa 61 Iju 

L i 1 ^.Lp ji. °-^ > ~ ^-11 ^- >fcJ 4^-^“ ^ 61 . 4-«Ij6I 


<4_^6w L>jloJ I 4^jL*JI oL_>«Jl 61 L*Lj-« ^iJl A_<K-Ja_j6l a3j « *.& > ^^<Ja_j 

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j-^3 a^^La^JI aIs-LaJL \jJ- y> <u J^LLp*-^! j^SLkj ~L*Jl 61 

^y ip 6L5* ^pL^-MI ^.Ja.u.11 61 y^ j^aj 
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<uw L ^». J l 61 ^>lj LwLlp t ju>Jl li*)L_?*“1 


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Slah^JJ <u ^S6J-I 


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<uiLi^oJl ^^LJlj oLj>xJl o^Lx^a ya JL>x» ,^jS 6^ Sjj ^ 0.3 L 


.234 fc <u,ji; j-UaII (15) 


39 



L*-g_a <J jJaJl 1 j_As jli* Ld-Z»*J ,<J ^y^>Jl A.a\s\A A-<»^SsJ>tJ Lwl 

a^^jJL l 3 ysil oU t ^y wLoJl ^<>JL>c-oJl y£- OjL <U— wJL 

OjI j-L*Jl ^jJi c yL-^j I ,J_L» .^LojjJwl ,yo ^j-g — ^ 1 jLS yla-s^j^f 

LjL-jNl ^ j^JlA JL>“I j_Aj t aJ~£JL~^<J I A-Jwj^l <CjJLoJl LljjJ 0 yj>- V 1 
oLw>*JJ Lww^j \ j>C^a 1 o ^JajJ 1 ^**.«-«- > ~ i 9 yLS"^ I 

^L-JNI ^J-wu2Jl 0 j^SLaj A_ae. % ^j» ^J-C- y_^j t <LeL*Jl 


,<U*«>Jl*Jl A^j ^JbLoJl Aj jyiJ I AlxL (^-iJl ^JjLgJl 

jl yLa_A>>jl ^.-g-3 A^L^—Jl y-a ® yLdJl Cwm^I 

^y*> ^oL^Jl jl jJi oA-^S'Ijj c 0-L*JLa yj^Ly ^3 j 

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laJai LJlS L^jL^jl^I y5Lo~» y5LSj ty^L^-Sl 1 g A,la,r> * LLijj JJiNl 
<u5Cwj^>^5GI aJ jJa-> Lai .Lg_» j*-^L%%u .J-o-S'SlI oL y^ J L Lg-is^iAp 
jJsjJ Lg_>li aJjjJI Lg-p- jl ^_LJ ^ ^ *L yLJl c^ L^ «*>^>Jl jl ^Jl 

i Lv^vU->« A^Jaj^o apL»^- ojLzpL ^yd^Jl ^^x>c-<kJl y>o 

^y* Ljl aJj3 j] (Polis) £uJl* J5 jl Aii^^UJl U ylJ (.SljU 
C^LpLo->tJl jl LjU y-yj t^Lwl^-Nl *■ — > j j -v^ k — > 

jj-*-«jL<w ,> g <JL>- yl jl jJJ^ ^ yjtJl y-a ^J^>j O -0 

J5jj Ji jJJJJj ya j-a L« (*-$-! l 


jl 1 ./> _i I J-S* J_J Jlij ^ La 

l >' j 5 tij 


Jl 




jl_c-L»_>J! 


^ r»- 0 - > - 


jl 


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U5 4 yjuJl ( J^oLlJ! ^LaJL?-Nlj 5 j 1 -Jl oJL#s jl .Lfi5 ol ^jivJl 

. Jl f^L»i>- v ^l jl 4 j 


Aristotle, T/ie Politics, Translated by Ernest Barker, World's Classics (16) 
(Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p, 1. 


40 



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. 5-4 ^j£> <* a.>. » j . 'i j_u<ai.l ( 17 ) 

.6 fa < * ..* a. '> jJ-^ail ( 18 ) 


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.A»*j-L< 6J 6b>~ I ^ y 9 6^) LLwj 


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6L5 j .JLi-LNlj p-LNlj i A_>-jjJl j t Ju-*Jlj Jl^JI aJ'^Lp 

A^ai^oJl LAiLi>» a 56-6 (Oikonomia) ^J^Jl ^ju3I 

^I A a^JI ^5 b.LLj*- Ls<j? j& a_^^w 6 t JibjLoJi j> L o- t p 6l I 

l-L^J jJa^jl ,A_tjwA_^6l ^ j_^wJi j ^JaJtU 6.^56/ 1 

A lab-Jlj pi Ajfl»L*-w A^w^Lo^a^ »Lwv*Ji Ojbl AAs^jJ t ^-dJl 

jj.S'JJU LjlXwa LajL_^pL aJjLJJ ^5L-^6LiLJl S jJajJl j_p 


.7-6 «. j A wall (19) 


42 



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I j_pVI l^_ili (. ©I jL^wo*)Ulj ^Lp ^j-n 

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1 A$Lb> ^3 be* e3bJlj Ju^*j! " (* J— *Vl) 

-U-w*Jli jiJl J_S jl y* ~L*_>1 Llo^p- J^LjuJ! 


^ y* ^ ./?-^,L>t-X-) obJl j^-L-j ^_s 

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O^LjIj^ O^j-Aj ^j-jbbil j-LJl ^AS" ^Lp wboJl*-^ ^ ^juj ^Ju^_3 « b<k-g b-P 
l-«-g J i ^Jlj ,J_La tJ«^J!j p^_>JL3^ .aJL^ ^LJl jjjJb 

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j-oJl Lq-frLd J5" jjj>*-) L^JlLp 4 -Loblj J™Jl 4 AjIJu^aJl 

3 4 L>c-w>«_rt^ b bl ,*}-P A_*3 <_$Lll 

i»_ 3^A^- UL/a.aJl b ojl-Obl llL-Aj b^a^. 1 1 ^3 w>jLbzJ bjb 
. ®6 ^AliiJl Qj2^\j ^jUJI ^O J\ 3 bwU jJ\ b^^J^ <ijjj3 


.10 ^ ;«u^J jJUdl! : jUil Jp c ( 20 ) 
.17-16 l jJu^ail (21) 


43 



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^ J_>J 4 bbbJ oli*^p ^JbJl SljL^>o^Jlj 

^jjJJ ^aL>sJ1 ^y^S\ bj .b^JL>*-* bjibL>- bJ>A_>4 Lo? 

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4 b^-w-wb'l bojjUbbl ^Jbbjj (MjJol Jj>*J i j . Ja-A3 Aj^JjJI ^3 *)blp (J^LjJl 
d , b*-L>- yfr t y2-—t2-) La 4_^-S'l ^_a bL^_ablb ^-■ — ob Lo bLp 4_L^J^ 
j la t< j j! bib jJj t ^v-w-5 Ju>- ^Jl *Lo-b>-j 4 ^j_*bl dolb .-dLhbbl 


b^ i ^j& l 'i>*}\ ^3 j*}\ ^%-bl b^ bib b^i^^bl iijLbj 

.^jJ»<bl I y-^j 


Lg-ll jy 4 jJ^ A>3 ^ bobwU^il oL^xJl bj->- 4^ OjL? 

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y» ‘UpLwL^-N I oL>J! > : la J oL — J olaJJalll ya IXaju> 

Aj^b^a^sl j~y y* ^ys bvww*»^_<b I OwL& do t 

t ojlf'[_j t i J. t . i > J L tf_UiLit«Jl o[j . L^-X x-.-ia i 


.23 j 19 ^y> t <_i jJuoil (22) 


44 



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pJj bjj->w« Jjj3 Ool jJ J .aJLo^I jJl ,J~3 La C^L*_4JL>t_a 

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(, I L-»va» J \ aAjLLww« AP^-^>v>* */2j 

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, aoL^lsI jJz- c^U-Ji 2^9 ij? 


j ^ j ^_ JL- 1 Li l ^_p L<k.z->- s ^ 1 ^wJ^jlII ^3 M j j^Ja-» ^ 3 L^gjLs i jlS 
J^LLill ^jrSL ^Jj c (__£ I oLi’^LxJl ^p oj^oJLo ^SLi a-oI I 
jj_*_~iw> ^JLJl jLS’ .i>u iJU jloj ^L/a-ii^M 

^5Lo-j ^ Aj I j-iJ ! j ^jjJI (J*!)L>- A^-^L-a'bll ^ L>-L>- 

: ‘^—'j i_5-~^ j' •■Js-b' (» <-* * <j' 

waj^LmoisNI jjj-^Jl c-JlS" . I g z.n^^Jg l^ww>- ((a-oL^:?!)) 

L^jI 4 w^LL^Jl ^Lp A^-lsjw^Jl L*~<>jL>t^>JJ a^w^L^I c cJL>gJ1 a_^...wL ,1 
aJLwJ j}\ Ofr'> ^ri j-^LlaJl L$_>- y-J*jy L^^LJLl~*I ^sLLaJ 

\ s^wv^5L!l A_*jLl* ^Ji o L^oJLa Ai_)Jj>- APJj ^Lp IIpL (J-Ua^ ) 


^jjj-<»Ji j j-UiJl t j£sj i» C3 jJl dJJ^ ^j>- .aj-IJJ 

) J ^-0 ^L-^Lj ^^JL> A^JlP a ~ ■ /-? '■ 1 1 Aj^JajJl JL^-P^ll AP ^ 


^_A iJ^A . " ^ y\ ^ A-O l I ^ 

^ Ji ^JlJI ^ ^ '^> e_^_lj ^JaJwoJL \jl>- (^LJl ...... ll 

.4 — -Lw- aLlL^ Jk> A^JiaJw^ ApL A j5^?^j 6^o^j2j 


Karl Polanyi, r/ 2 ^ Gr^o/ Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957). (23) 


45 



djli^Lp ^r° ^u^ajlx^Jl ^J-^- o - i 

^Jl o>-L>«Jl oli^LaJl oJLa ^p Jjl^j j t J_jI^jl« j_^x_j ^_Lp 4_*_w*Ij 
jl ^JJi <— A j'h+,& s i\ jljULa j la ^j\ %-J ^_P jJj O jJLJ\ 

oliLvw«Jl ^Ju-J\ (J^Lj oJLb*- UJU-j 1-La 

LiaLw ^ll ^j , & ^-*J Aj^>dJl 6jL>tj ^ ^jtJl ^Lo-S "! jaj LL jiaJl 

^_i cijLj>-L>tJl <J LJl <w~ *~jS .L^jN 

L)1 *CLwJL>- ^i-P Ljw-wO o^L>dJl t*_LL-*> oLS” >43^ ^ J^uJJ 

o] • AJd-Sl jj> jr^-*-i JLJI ^ L— o-J A-^-wvJi? .ilL_A 

^JJl fl^Ly^:.^!)) JpLlJl ^Jjla t^-^.-v.^ LgJljJ oj^ill Ji J' 
.(J j^J! * jJLj ,J-3 La A*J3J>- ^ ^-iUJl ^liaj! 3 y3 {jA O^LL^ L iXfrJ 
jj L^Jl ejL^Ljd*>i ^J1 ^ L ^ jU d-oi o-La 

j^-«j wL>- ^Jl ^JjdoJl j-w>jjl31 j\S ^-j^j jJl SAjIaU 

^Lp ^jwLJl ^>wd 5^ t® j-^wLwoJ) a_LL*J 1 d>L>- l>ej 
o^^jj! (jLSLdlj t ^ I ^ 0 j_L3 ^j-P I j3jJ>x-Lj ol 

JuiJ . 0 j^>*)l\ cjL>-L>- ^Jl <l^j>- ouwJaJ I ‘jj* 0 j - *^ 3 L>—a 0—1— y.«..». */-■<>— ) I 

jL-^I j^i jj ^ l ^aL>cJI <w> j-p ^j-p ©j j^Jl <*_ ~~S 3jL>tjJI t r « 1 *& i 

*JL*Jl 1 -La ^Jj *L>- Jb5" L)t jJA a ^ ^ la ll Ji» 

JaLJuJl <cJ_P ^^Ja.o La d^-A oj^lll <ti>- t)Lo ^p ^ ^ >Ls^L 

\-$AS J-SLsiz-AJl y^L.^_~>-l-j do J l-a ^ g »V ^JLl_?“ jLSL» 1 ^_<a 

! <WaL>tl! l^j>-L>J 

LL>“ J\ 4j>-jj to <;> _^L p 1 — s 3 yij AjC-oJl o'b/® 

\ j*. Jadvo -»J L)ls ^ AXd-LJ LajLsIpL 0 ji jJl 

^_)U _ ^-wv^LlI jj*JL>^J ^1 _ ,*^iJl La 

Aristotle, Ibid., pp. 24-25. (24) 


46 



t (^j-l OjJujJ U J^j jjJjl>xj 

1 4 *^Vl» 4 4_pl_>t-^JJ <L^ Ll_oJ ! 4-A.Jg . A » ^ is \ \ £_a i - w_... ' J *)] 

Ojj-i]) ( _ y Lp £~*2J >uij y'bJlj . l _ r -Lllj Aiill Ju JUJl 

Lf-i ^jVli tjUJI J -wjj xJ U^juLlij o™J S] : ijJaJlj 4 j^>L~jJ| 

jj— jL* ( j~ j pl_fl_Jj| wl~jUl!Ij ^ j .,^s . !l jl «_ijs j 

JlSL^I ^1 ^IjAiJl hAj> Jju 1«-$^p ojL>uj .^djl 

a— ‘ 1 i_s* , “ J-* J » — s j-^Jl jl5 jLjl i — ^S’ jlSj tv -~Sjl Tja) 

, (25) «^ij^J| vHJi 


■— -*~S' J-S” jl . yr-\ ,jis 0 jL>vJjL J \a .. M j\ vlLi jl£ 

j-* LvjI _ LjL>\ ijj-ijJl oJjLaJl j ^j^Jl I JL * j _ J^LjJI 

^-U jjj . ^jjjj-S/l tjL> ^1 p# AJj/ ^_p v_™2i 

Lo^w> jy£j jl a^« .tjjij /jSj pJ j ‘ <_taLJJ aJ^ j ojLipIj JUI 

j-* j -LsLjjJI a ■ 4 jLw^i5”Ij t ^^.51 1 

A— A* jj-'l A^P^JI ^3jjj l^al ojjjU (J.il_«J| j ^Jl ^y> 

aJS! ^iai>- tJUlj .Jal^JI ^ j!up- tj yL~* ^Jl 

3^* vjrH j (j 1 -kljjJl jj-iLa 


Apliij v_™5jl ,Jj>-( .J-. ^VwtzSj/l JsLjJJ v_^j 

‘jjj l _^L~— SI ^5ji)l y yr ,jp J (Jp^I y> Vl 

A-j-PUvJL?-^ I yt- <Lol ,/3.:S ^i I ^JIjjJl ^j_..<3_i ^Jl jpjjJl 

A*~i= ^ylp jlj-p’j/L Jali! lg^>Jl>u> AP^J ^ L^w> oJjJ-j^JI 

(3^~“ j-LvJl ^Sjj *y tojUxJl .Li*>U-l t _ J xJl a_LvJI 

<Jy O j. la ^ .j £-u2J jl <U J ) l a ..v_;l AjLp C~>-Ijl Jj j .Aj jjljJI jl »J| 


47 


. 27-26 ^ jJUiil ( 25 ) 

.28 l a’ — . 4 a ( 26 ) 



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.^y\ 

AS ol^ jJl jldp'bfL Jd»--L> jN l-L*Jd*oa dtS” JJL) 

Ijlo^j ^ ^-i j^/ <dS3 4 

<lA_s>s p-w<k^ ^-aj j^-il w^L^Jl 4^_L^2-<Jl ^LiJ j\ jl .Iaj>~ 

^1p 4 j^SwL? jl ‘OLJj ^jjA 4 4J J J ^J| OwCLaII^ 4 £cj ^J lj 4 Jl^Jlj 4 cJ^ldJl 

oL->Ji L>-i ^0 <>JLal 4-Ji-P j-l-P ,j«» fril jjl^jJI 4 djl JSL* y> -s_j 

t t_3^JJ %, yL>^ 4jjJ oj^Nl c^jlS <d>L*jl 4 . jJ?_*jl j 

Oli*>Lp J*>\->- ^JLSjjddJl ^jjj-jVl 4 l a Lw j ^-^^_j^Ja_JI ^Ja-L-Jlj 

^do \j> ^_Laj ^JLL>- ^ ^ Ijj 4 .«. <>-|> i 1 1 

*>Lol_j» LjIJ^w* a^oNl /^ r $o j+J W .LjLvJ^II C-jUjL^J| <U_a'l9jj 

^jA ^a1j>*J| U A jLS^ J_A3 4 4Ju J-xfcjl 

-LaIj \ 0wLa> j_aJ . 'V ^51 aIaj I jj A^jLiJl 

^Jl ^jj3l ^jJl JjjJl ^iJjjJl ^^3 jjJp^LsI 4_ jjJa-l! j - la jl 

^ A c ^' i_s^ 3>-dd_>- Aj&jj]ff 


^ys jJl} j ol L£>I.}J^« 4 _p jJL L>t-Lvd^ jJa_~*>j! jL? 

.^L~Ji ' ^L*3 <LyL£jj| ^°-Xj ^J*P oJj>-^Jl 

^1 jiNlj ,L^jj-51j ,^-!l j-*^ld*Jl Jd* c-~~wJ 4jjJ-^Jli 
4jiJj^ dUjS 3 J-P ^a! J>3 <Cj ~djl » Loj^-JA 

jl i j r ^Lid^Jl jM wiUi 4 JL>- jJI ^Jjjl j-^ 

fr c. (27) * 

I j-A ^ ^ 3 ^3 4_Ld3 jj-b^lil Ojj Jjj . ((LajJ^j-j 

! LoLkJ o jAJ^A ?d\jo 4 J 4 Jp| y j*' 


.41 t <udJ j-dai! (27) 


48 



^ jJl IXwoJl ^ JU -Ul ^jJl e-j^^JJl <1)1® 

» ft ijjA-tjj I ^bJl ‘UjJ-o-U <CJx<»»*>Jl ^oJa-aJl oJ*>- ^JlW <jl o^Lbs 

? v --..s ^ J i^S^~ ^Jr^ - J - ^ j-^JL-«^j ^I_ll O-i J^J I bl J^-L>s_]l ^jJi <ul ^a 

^J-P 4bj i-L* jl /^_P IjL^jJl ^-3 j.JlS'Ls j^JlS"^ oJ^>- j 

bl ,^1 ! c-> j ( j*a i^j ^A> L^ ” ■* « . la i loJL*Jli .^bblVl 

Jl C— >t~*p\ I3lj .g-L/g,P Vl ^jA j~S ^JlP b 4_w3b>- LfJ 


■^-' ^J' 


<i JL^*_> Jj>- 


b ji b jbb jtj 4 1 j-La ^Ju 

jlSI o j— ^ ^ I J-*-> bl l*-<-o->- LJlP bl bib ^o { j~ a b/ju 

^jL *03 JJb LJ Lp bDUj .o^wvS/l l j r -a cJj>- J ^jLSl t^Ju-L<JI 


, (28) <(- 


4JjwL3J IjLo ^1 <i bib ^A>tXj bl ^gj>- 


/» ^ A ) bl 1 ^ o •/? 1 0wL^>- ^Jl ll AJ»_>-LoJl b| 

^ bj-t>bbl ^Sb 4 HjL*J| ^jL>- ^-jJg| j-oU Aif ^lJL<kJl aLw>Jl 

Vj <bb_>t^3 OjS y>^-i ^-JLbli - Lfri- j -^> »- U p jg 3 

J-* bwP j Lip IS HI ^ ^ .*-9 j^j bl 

A-pbJl cJ«P- jJl i j^a A_Jlp ^Jl 5 jrbJl JJ-l-wO Lo_>j 

i y^ OljJll! ^3 IjjLij t 0 J J j*Jp 4 ^ */&Ai ® AJu jubl bl J^- 4 A-^JbJlj 

) 4 Ls^J ^ < V? . * J Ij^>Uj>o bl ^JUi Jjo^i I 4 L^jLApI 

bjJg'lA^I ^bj ^»J .h A jili>c-<>Jl ^:UjJ>- J^Lj j^p J^susjIj oL^>- 

b'V 4 jJ^-^Jl ^1 p aJ^jJI bl L*bj^o ^1 j AilbbS"! c^L*-J 

' — bill bl •*— -^i 4 bu-WJl A_b_<)JL<bl bibs' 4 ^■<3-b-~>b I SJl>-jJ!)) 

. 8 y^j I 4jib>x-fl J^a bp 

jl <W?L>bl A^SbLbl Sjjb?«-« ^3 b ^-U^bdl 


.41 ~40 1 4— jij (28) 

.41 t 4— »A; J-L^ail (29) 


49 



(jfl <1)1 Jr 0 • 4JoAx>Jl .^J-P ^L-w^J*)/! /jk° <J^ 4-LjL*J| oL_>- 

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Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Translated, with Introd. and Notes, by (41) 
Martin Ostwald, Library of Liberal Arts; 75 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. [1962]), 
p. 232. 


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Seneca, «0n Tranquility ,» in: Moses Hadas, ed.. Essential Works of (42) 
Stoicism , Library of Basic Ideas (New York: Bantam Books, [1961]), p. 79. 


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Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, Meditations , Translated with an (43) 
Introd. by Maxwell Staniforth, Penguin Classics (New York; Baltimore: Penguin 
Books, [1964]), p. 65. 


.99j 66 1 45 y> 4 « il ji-u-ali (44) 

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Marcus Tullius Cicero, The Republic, Translated by Walter Keyes (46) 
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 65. 


64 



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Marcus Tullius Cicero, «On Duties, » in: Marcus Tullius Cicero, (50) 
Selected Works (Baltimore: Penguin, 1965), p. 167. 


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V Ajl3 t A^>t^-w4>Jl A.P j_*tJl v ~«>>&a Ajjl^lj t O^aLaJI 

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M L^xSLJ J tjL-J^/l (Exterior) ^JL>Jl 5bl 

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t^_3jj>tJl L/° L)1 aJjJlII j~*3 Lol .J'^L^aJl 

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. (Donatist) L~jL jjJl aaU J t Js ^LfLl <&\ 

4_^_j jJ Lp j J t Lp JlJI o-La ^L-Jl 

(_> J-b>- Jj~b LL»j jl to jrSwjJl A-s^t^^w<J| oLpL>j>LI 

^ t A**-^X^Jl ^<-Lp t^* > t-j 3| . ^ I ^->~ ^ o- l 1 3 L —A. I I ^J^P 

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-b Hi L^Li -bw>-jJl ^^s^j-Ll -b-^Jl Laj . 4i)lj 

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^ oULs^^^ ^-^-m. L I Sy&y ^lp ^-^*LL<jl jly— *>S/l y . Aj^LlJI 

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^ A-«*-J^\Jl jl ^jS' jLjjjJI Lai . Lfrj j-tf-L T -j ^JJl j-LLjl 

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b ^-aJl J-^^J- 1 . cs^ 4 bw>t~wi' Ai- J L ' -n O (#■) 

^ t405 ^»bJl ^ iii? ^ cuJLp'i .(355-311) (Donatus) bjo wi^»SM L^.wl 

I* j-A-i A-i>l jp ijl j-* i Li jjl jlft—t 

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l g -- aj iji 4*^>t^~«-<>Jl .A-*^Jlp ^LS 0j2 

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o\$y* (_$jJl ^kij&y] 4 i. n . 1 1 ^ 1 3 .< jJl jj_aj*JJ ^Ja — «Pjl J-gi 
j-^-l_J le-L-iMJ J-^Ui J>Uaj AjlSja <j j}jhU! e-y>- J^J jl 

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A;i^>«Jlj A.J^ .aJl A_aj|^JaJlj t kJjLfl-laJlj ti JjJl ^y> JLijtaJl i. j.lallj 

jj^J ‘hr*’. i_y® “LA-^a^j *iM Aa-j<ajl V 1 a^>JJ>c^>J| IJLa 


Arthur Oncken Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being; a Study of the (14) 
History of an Idea. The William James Lectures Delivered at Harvard University, 
1933 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936). 


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Otto Friedrich von Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Age, (15) 
Translated with an Introduction by Frederic William Maitland (Cambridge; New 
York: Cambridge University Press, 1987). 


95 



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Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900- (16) 
1300 (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1984). 
Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies; a Study in Mediaeval (17) 
Political Theology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), chap. 5. 

Oj j-d-ll aJjwLHj Jajl jj ye- <j <j j J. la.I.l > &-+j? j A_^3 j 


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Ajj-Lo y> Laj t A-^oS\Jl plp.il (JJ-L>*j 0-9 I ^yuy} £-J aJOo Ajj^ujJl 
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t L^-«-a ^S>jLoJL ji A«*vOSsJl J^P (Jj->c<k-; jJ I L^*mSo (1)1 
A— ^ j L o>> 5 ^1 ^ljo| Aj^-j>- jSl ^a (^5^ A-J LS" 0 ^3 (—^-OSo 

^j--j AjlJL>- A^li A«_A>tji i-LLIj 0-»lil>\J>“ ( ^J J . A-LiO^a Aj j-^-» 


Ernst Troeltsch, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches , (18) 
Translated by Olive Wyon; with an Introd. by H. Richard Niebuhr, Harper 
Torchbooks; TB71. Cloister Library (New York: Harper, 1960), vol. 1, p. 201. 


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Thomas Aquinas, «Commentary on the Politics,)) in: Ralph Lemer and (19) 
Muhsin Mahdi, eds., Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook, with the 
Collaboration of Ernest L. Fortin, Cornell Paperbacks. Agora Paperback Editions 
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1963), p. 299. 


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Thomas Aquinas, «On Kingship, » in: Dino Bigongiari, ed., The (22) 
Political Ideas of St. Thomas Aquinas; Representative Selections, Hafner Library of 
Classics; no. 15 (New York: Hafner Pub. Co.. 1953), pp. 175-179. 

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Dante Alighieri, 0« World-Government , Translated by Herbert W. (24) 
Schneider (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1949). pp. 9-10. 


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jl ^JaU.vj j/ ^jJsJl j j. 1?\ j^-aj/l jl ^lj ^ j ■>"! *ULoj ^ a -^-*' 
iaj! j^ila . LJLw jM oL>J! 

tJwLoJlj <lLLJlj . <W?L>- 

dJoLpj l^ jjo j jl tJjjJlj 

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*. >JajJ JS ® tl)J J^dJl Ua^>Jl ^yo ^pvJ 4 JI 3 c^^oJLp ^S'l>- jl ~^lj 


.20 y? t <u-j! 1 j-L^ait (25) 

.68 t jwLya.il (26) 

.73-71 j 80-52 y, i^jC j-Uail (27) 
.79 y> i.*~J)j jwLyail (28) 


110 



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o^LvIaj ^Jl 4_>-L>«^^ o^-^Li UL_?-1 o^0\-> J I ^j-ol^-iJl 

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(( <u^j L>- ^j+j I ^3 


(29) 


« ol 

A <ty ^-o M ^A> 4 A^JUJl 4_a Aj ^Jl Aj 3-L*-XJl 

jL-jl UjUoI ^JaJLw%u *)/ 4 Lo, la *« a L*_oj>- jy ^-JO Jl 

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S/j J-*. la ..« j Nj ^Lp ^ j-d-*-* J-aI "*^1 ol ^y-iaJl 

Ol ^^-O-j O 15" ^OjJl ol*-0_<»Jl^ QiwLwOwli jl .Aj^jOJI LL^2_4_il 

^£?jVl ^J-P oO-^lo • ** ^Jl O^-^^O J~~~ — ^ 3 • I>‘OLjL*JLj 

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a c 4jj»oOJl 4_la 1 .~JJ <miaOa ^_^>j <► A-> ^JxaJI^ 

• 4^**O^Jl aJ^JmvJ I Lp Q 4,4 la'. XI ^-^0 <► j^' 

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3j , l ./a *-> ^Jj ^j-~-*-lj AJjl k»5^^ 0 ol-*-s^2->tj JaJjJJ 

,4} jjJJ Jl>-I j}\ jLla^ I A^JwO^j! O^Jj-jJl J j 1 ■ -,^> ; 

,4^o5Ul Ojj^Si ^y> .^403 AOj oJl LLQloI L«1j 

kO-jLS” I 0 ! *»iU3 1 4 -ljJl j» j../2->- ^XjIjJ oLS” 

LLJl Jl 43 4 0JLi3l O j^I L«oj !^JaL*JL« Ja^wa 

(Innocent IV) ^1 ^Jl 00 ^ y\ UUl j (Innocent III) OJljJl co^o yj 


.20 ^<3 t ‘C-.uli j J..^3J. i (29) 
.6 ^y? % 4^Ai j-L^aii (30) 
.80-77 ^y> <.4 ~Jl> jJ-vail (31) 


111 



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(Unam Sanctum) d^^Ul /» j— - JLi-T GyJjJl 

*UJl ^ (Boniface VIII) ^liJl i _ r _yL; jH LUl ojJ^I ^JUl 

^ .AjyjLJl ^la LJJ ^.- 'j (j 13 ylz> <cL>-l y> Jk ^ ! ^y!l 1302 

w— Li j I ^lUGI dLLs (Edward I) J jSl I ijl j-> 1 s ^-*— ( _ r Lt J_«J 
iSM^I ^jIp >) LJ^j *2lU (Philip the Fair) < " ) J^>Jl 


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jJaJLfl wL^I ojLjLpLi — ^jL-Jl . JL>- 

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. jJl LUJ *^=>L>- ^-1L> (3 JlS*® d)l j t LU j jJl 

41 ^Lp j-v^l AJL^U C Li ^J su ^£j-JLJ 1 jlJ-wJl 4 jLj 0 j^s- 3 ; j r v-wCo jj ^*3 
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1 ^j_nIjLw« 1 j^i Lj Lj wX_ 5 4_pl—ws42-Jl oJLA O- ’l ^ ^ ^ ‘^3 ^JLJl 

(On 4_. L.CJI SJa-Lw II ^ ^LcS y»l (Giles of Rome) (&s;i Lo jj 

i ^>- jj l 1301 ^UJl ^ <~j y£L Jl i Ecclesiastical Power) 

• " 1 1 1 ^ >■ - - ■ - ■ - l ■ ■ -... , .j' 2 I t c -^— — > <dj ^ 


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. ^ 'T *VwJ '' -C^il ijl^i ji .<cp 

^ <‘L<JjJl ^ .1247j 1243 ^ Ujj _dj (-»«) 

^^1 .A-ijl — 4 j***jjj ■ l - 3 la . 0 j 1 1» t ots lujl oyjl *^ly 

. Sj ^J i_-L_Jl ^lA^SlI L.L.I ijjp 


112 



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^L£^^**Jlj AjiL—J I IS” t ^P-X.1 I U « ) Is” • ' — <L ' ol—^* frj 

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U-Sj c^^IpVI Vl L^S” a-^-j^Jl <daJuJl ^wL>«_) 4-J-«^Jl AiaLwJl 

^j^j^ ^Lp Ij-La-P LUj^Jlj j^jj-pVI oL? ISJj .^iSLil ^!jj>«_JI 
t Lw<L_-*; | +JaJL * ^<U>*-oS” ^j-LoJl Ij ^XSj 4 ^l^Jl /^p ^v---wO 

Ajjj i ^-^P ^J--P (_^-L A^Ja-^j^JjJl 4-w>x^w--v.oJ I 4p L j>L I Uj -UU* I JwLs 

.4— US"j 


(_^l ! LJLp ^ .... >U LdjjJ 4 j ^ la ill o -L a tl ^>-1 

jj-M^^jjJ «-_3^iaU*Jl c-Ip^VI ip »._ Jlj ^j ,<wL^— Jlj 4— vL^—Jl 4-la.L— JL 
<. jj LUI cl^^Jl Ju>“Lp .<uJLp ^j/ia « all pLaJV o^i yj>- JLojL 
1 _ r wj J -LJl Ja-UsAJl ^^Ap (jUl 4 J.il jSsJl ^i\ ot>L>Jl -Up Li 

l-Uj t Oj-U-^I ^ j~^-° ^JJLj jj_iJl ^Ap ^As LL <— >L>«Jo L -u-uull 

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L1jJ_~J| ; j_p ^lijJL (Dominican John of Paris) ^^jjLJI jj-^- 


Giles of Rome, «On Ecclesiastical Power, » in: Lerner and Mahdi, cds.. (32) 
Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook , p. 329. 

.396 . *u~aj jJuiail (33) 

.1378 J] 1309 r UJI ^ J.UI jJ'l^ U U (*) 


113 



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^*J 4 JI jsS* C yA /jA ^_«-J (J^-3 ^3 L*pl J jp-ll 

<daJuJl j j £ j Oij .LLJl ^2-L>- -_^Jl 4j»x-*llll ^ \ i-AOi*-^ Io*0~w« 
Jwo t LaL>- ^J l U^Jl AjL^JJ \^Jaj <L)^oJl <lla J l>» ^^_wJ <u>-j ^J l 

^1) .^jSl i5>Vl Jl L-iiJ^I <jl ^ o 
1-L» tJj’Oislj Lllai-j j^L»Jl j_* ( _ J A->^I 

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Aji ^J~*-i V t Aj UJJ 4_j>- j jJ| AiaJLvJu 

.150. aJ jSG LLJJ iiiL^JU ^l-^2j>o 


a^^SnJI 4i*>L*Jl op v<6wUio 0 oJj 

L-LJI ^uLio* cJl5 ^Lav ^J l j iJjjJlj 

j^5Ll w ^ojJi ^j^jlJ-A^Jl Ul 43^L>dl jj^ oLS* 

o—jLS'j .Low^_> 3 L^....A^g-i Lj-ia-J \ ^3 ^J-an^Lo»«JI 


John of Paris, «On Kingly and Papal Power,» in: Lerner and Mahdi, (34) 
eds.. Ibid., pp. 41 1-412. 

.413 j-Luail (35) 


114 




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^ i>jjUl c->Ljl>cJ| ioj»-LJl jj I ^JUj ol ( Defensor Pads ) 
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115 



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j^>w jJLJli . ^j->-j /^o 4)1 laoljl Uk5 LJli <uii5Loj 

Aj-IjS/I oL>Jlj <Lj ^SL llj ‘w-ajjl oL>Ll ^ ^0 jlpjl KOI ^w>JU ^ya /^P jj 
^ ^ I oL->Jl j . A_j L>^^J I 

( Jj>-l y-a t>Ls^l Jj>-J ^JlP LLL_>tJ ^LJl j^-LoJl 

^_^l_?x_4>Jl jj— ^>- J (. oLpljjJl ^9 ^y3 4 ) I ^y - 1 ( Jl5LJLIj <Lli t oL>Jl 

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0>l~^»w*>j-^JL 0.iJL>s_aj 4 ■ <>.../?.T.o “> oL^>- Lai . 0>L^AJj 

•^S _^°*^ awj L**J I 


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^j^jl , ^ ^-A-s^jLa L) I ^-p .oL^>sJI ^^Jl ojjJLoJl oLUtl! 

^g^p jm/? \ ^ c ^ /- *>> L~ J I L aLs* ^ L L^J«J ol 

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<,LoL~j^/! AJa_>l jJJ IjLwoJl ^3 JL>t_) ^jJ-oJl 

t aJ| AjLLS" ^3 O j-«P j-i ^-LLJI ^w<»j>- jl» jA j 
oJL^*“jJl j-jL«-oJI ^a JJl*JIj jl I tj^L-vi-^ 0 cUjIS'j . 

A^v^SLI Li ^-*-i ^La jlS A3 j c ^JLJl p-La^j L$j ^VpSLkj 

<LjwL<wLLw I <U j-lajJl Cj 15 L^JwOJ .oL jJ >- 1 4_^v^>j^a 3 <0-)L$" 

^ y^LJ jl^ t j 5y>-j ^ J ^1 


Marsilius of Padua, «The Defender of the peace, » in: Lerner and (36) 
Mahdi, eds., Ibid., pp. 445-446. 

.449 y? u (37) 

.450-449 ^ jjuall (38) 
.479 ^y> i. 4~J6 jJUail (39) 


116 



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w* j_L^_$dl5 .AJjjJJ ‘C-^uLw^J I *>. jl ^Jl 

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.478 ^ t wi jA^il (40) 


117 



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Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, Anchor Books (New (]) 
York: Doubleday Anchor, 1954). 


121 



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Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (New York: (2) 
International Publishers, [1947]). 


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Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy , (3) 
Translation by S. G. C. Middlemore; Introd. by Benjamin Nelson and Charles 
Trinkaus, Harper Torchbooks; TB 40-41. 2 vols. (New York: Harper, [1958]), vol. 

1, p. 22. 


125 




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Niccold Machiavelli, The Prince , Translated by George Bull, Penguin (4) 
Classics ([New York]: Penguin, 1961), p. 97. 


126 


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Niccolo Machiavelli, Tfte Discourses, Edited with an Introd. by Bernard (8) 

Crick; Using the Translation of Leslie J. Walker with Revisions by Brian 
Richardson, Pelican Classics; ACM (New York; [Harmondsworth, Eng.]: Penguin 
Books, [1970]), p. 97. 

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.L^jjg aJ^I I j \ ilaJ—Jl i-aljJl *S N j 4 LoLw A^SCLjl 

<pL^->- 4j-J^JL >« jS j j5 t-^jl J . la ll oJijb ^-1 jJLol jl 4^-*^_*Jl (_^-P* (J^ 


John Greville : ^Ja_il ii> _jil oi-fJ ^ 4 4 ^L5L>-I J_p ^ _j>J j (10) 

Agard Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the 
Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). 


129 



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Machiavelli, Ibid., p. 1 1 1 . (11) 

.339-334 ^ *a~Jl jJ*A\ (12) 

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.203-202 y ,4_i (16) 


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Martin Luther, «The Freedom of a Christian, » in: Martin Luther, (22) 
Martin Luther, Selections from His Writings, Edited and with an Introd. by John 
Dillenberger, Anchor Books; A 271 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961), p. 55. 


135 



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Martin Luther, «The Pagan Servitude of the Church,» in: Luther, (24) 
Martin Luther, Selections from His Writings, p. 304. 

Luther, «The Freedom of a Christian, » p. 64. (25) 

.72 ^ K_i; jJU»Ll (26) 

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Martin Luther, «An Appeal to the Ruling Class of German Nationality (27) 
as to the Amelioration of the State of Christendom,)) in: Luther, Marlin Luther, 
Selections from His Writings, pp. 403-485. 


138 



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Martin Luther, «Friendly Admonition to Peace Concerning the Twelve (36) 
Articles of the Swabian Peasants, » in: Hans Joachim Hillerbrand, ed., The 
Protestant Reformation , Documentary History of Western Civilization. Harper 
Torchbooks; TB 1342 (New York: Harper and Row, [1968]), p. 83. 

Luther, «The Freedom of a Christian,)) p. 78. (37) 


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Martin Luther, «Secular Authority: To What Extent It Should Be (39) 
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Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan , Edited by C. B. MacPherson (New york: (48) 
Penguin, 1985), p. 150. 


149 



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Michael Oakeshott, «Introduction,» in: : jjt-i i(C. B. Macpherson) jj * < 1 . 

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan; or, The Matter, Forme and Power of a 
Commonwealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civil , Edited, with an Introduction, by Michael 
Oakeshott, Blackwell’s Political Texts (Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1946), and Crawford 
Brough Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to 
Locke (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963). 

Hobbes, Leviathan , p. 161. (50) 


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5j— -,j iL* «Disembedded Economy» ^JJa-ua-a 4_LLij j .U aJ>L 5 jl-! aJ j ^iL? 

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.J Je- j_^«JI Jl Jiy jl t^Lk^all 

Karl : jJi-ll IJL . I J ..j <1 JjLS J_«_e- Jlj L. (12) 

Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957). 


178 




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,^aaLi ois^ i^>a«JI ^-aA>t-<Li ^^Lp i^l^-^S/l ol 

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c ^JaJI aj'VL?^-^ ^3 ^jLaaJI ^ . a JI .aJLI jLa.L>l j 


Peter Gay, The Enlightenment, an Interpretation , Norton Library; N870 (13) 
and N875, 2 vols. (New York: Norton, 1966), vol. 1, p. 17. 


179 




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^yJl ii dUJ j-S\ .^J'LkJL 4j i jjt>-_j 1 1 JdaJ juIjjlaJI 


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180 



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J_4j>- O— p 1-laJL.^ I I 5 <i^LwwmJ| l 4_wLSsJ I jJjJl ^LPJjJ 


A^> t ■ >& 1 1 Oj15"j |*Jlp kl- *-i 


JuJl 


Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment , Translated by (15) 

Fritz C. A. Koelln and James P. Pettegrove (Princeton: Princeton University 
Press, 1951). 


181 



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4_p^jJ 1 i^.i. ) L>xjdl -LaL— » >-^aj (1)! aJLs 


Gay, Ibid., vol. 2, : ^laJl c(Beccaria) LjL^o j\}^ iJu?- i-JJL-- Jj>-1 j- (16) 
pp. 437-447. 


182 



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L ^}\ ■UpL»Ij-'yi £-j j}\ Jjj 4I^>- ^jA j j3 .A^f- Lo^>-i 

jl£. A— ilj ^ •^ > "^J (J^ Sjji ^y9 ^..t>jl Ljj 


Adam B. Seligman, T/ie Idea of Civil Society (New York: Free Press; (17) 
Maxwell Macmillan International; Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada, 1992), 
pp. 25-36. 


183 



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J-a-oO — j 4J^Iaj" J5 ^aj ^Lp ^-;j-!' s^~* J-»-*r^J 


Adam Ferguson, y4n Essay on the History of Civil Society (New (18) 
Brunswick. NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1995), p. 205. 

.31 .y o — aj j-L^all (19) 


184 



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.32 t^xi jwU<iil (20) 

.51 t A^xj .^ali (21) 


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Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political (49) 
Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University 
Press, 1977). 


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Immanuel Kant, «Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan (1) 
Purpose, » in: Immanuel Kant, Kant: Political Writings , Edited with an 
Introduction and Notes by Hans Reiss; Translated by H. B. Nisbet. 2 nd enl ed., 
Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge, [England); New 
York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 41-53. 

Immanuel Kant. Critique of Practical Reason, Edited and Translated, (2) 
with Notes and Introductions by Lewis White Beck, Library of Liberal Arts, 3 rd 
ed. (New York: Macmillan Pub. Co.; Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada; New 
York: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993). 


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Immanuel Kant, «An Answer to the Question: : ^kil 1 iAlSU Ljii' jcjJJI (3) 
‘What is Enlightenment?’, » in: Kant, Kant: Political Writings, p. 54. 


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Kant, Critique of Practical Reason , p. 30. 


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. - — -Lv jj.^U (7) 

Immanuel Kant, «A Renewed Attempt to Answer the Question: Is the (8) 
Human Race Continually Improving?, » in: Kant, Kant: Political Writings, pp. 
177-190. 


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Kant. «Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose, » (9) 
p. 44. 


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Immanuel Kant, «On the Common Saying: ’This May Be True in (10) 
Theory, but it Does not Apply in Practice’,)) in: Kant, Kant: Political Writings, 
p. 73. 

Kant. «Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose, » (11) 
p. 46. 

Kant, «On the Common Saying: ’This May Be True in Theory, but it (12) 

Does not Apply in Practice’,)) p. 75. 


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Leonard Krieger, The German Idea of Freedom: History of a Political (15) 
Tradition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957). 

Kant, «ldea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose,)) (16) 
p. 45. 


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The French Revolution , Translated from the French by Elizabeth Moss Evanson, 2 
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1962-1964), vol. 2: From 7795 lo 1799, Translated by John Hall Stewart and James = 
Friguglietti. and Albert Soboul, The French Revolution, 1787-1799; from the 
Storming of the Bastille to Napoleon, Translated from the French by Alan Forrest 
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, T/ie Philosophy of History. Prefaces by (23) 
Charles Hegel and the Translator J. Sibree; a New Introduction by C. J. Friedrich 
(New York: Dover Publications, 1956). p. 42. 

Hegel, The Philosophy of Right, pp. 41-42 and 45-46. (24) 


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j yill ^i *-j jjjSl i-5lji«tMl ^ lijUaj-Ml ill — ll» J SJjJj^ jjLtJLj iiljjb (53) 
George Lichtheim, The Origins of Socialism (New : Jlill J_- ^iijl ■ r-^ 

York: Praeger, [1969]), and Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: 1789-1848 
(New York: New American Library, 1962). 

John Ehrenberg, The Dictatorship of the Proletariat: Marxism's Theory (54) 
of Socialist Democracy (New York: Routledge, 1992), chaps. 1 and 2. 


256 



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Instruction,# in: Karl Marx. Frederick Engels: Collected Works, Translators 
Richard Dixon [et al.], 50 vols. (New York: International Publishers, [1975 - 
2004]), vol. 1, pp. 109, 120 and 131. 

Karl Marx, Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of (56) 

Law,» in: Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: Collected Works, vol. 3, p. 8. 

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.4 — i; j. i (69) 

Karl Marx, «Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,» in: Karl (70) 
Marx, Frederick Engels: Collected Works , vol. 3, p. 280. 

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, «The German Ideology,» in: Karl (71) 
Marx, Frederick Engels: Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 50. 


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Karl Marx, «Theses on Feuerbach,)) in: Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: (72) 
Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 8. 

Karl Marx, «The Poverty of Philosophy,)) in: Karl Marx, Frederick (73) 
Engels: Collected Works, vol. 6, p. 212. 


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Karl Marx, «A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, » in: (74) 

Karl Marx. Frederick Engels: Collected Works , vol. 29, p. 262. 

Karl Marx, «Econoniic Manuscripts of 1857-58 (First Version of (75) 
Capital), » in: Karl Marx. Frederick Engels: Collected Works, vol. 28, pp. 26-36 
and vol. 29, pp. 29-31. 

Karl Marx, «Capital.» in: Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: Collected (76) 
Works, vol. 35, p. 8. 


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and Edited by Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller and Harold Samuel Stone, 
Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge; New York: 
Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 18. 


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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, «Discourse on the Origin and the Foundations (16) 
of Inequality among Men,» in: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The First and Second 
Discourses, Edited with Introd. and Notes by Roger D. Masters; Translated by 
Roger D. and Judith R. Masters (New York: St, Martin’s Press, [1964]), p. 137. 

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, On the Social Contract, with Geneva (19) 
Manuscript and Political Economy, Edited by Roger D. Masters; Translated by 
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Edmund Burke. Reflections on the Revolution in France , Edited by (34) 
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Edward Pessen: «The : jJijl t^v -j j_jI _>jI J-a>-^ wUJU L_.Ldl LjIJ-J ' j -d j ... 5b- 

Egalitarian Myth and the American Social Reality: Wealth, Mobility, and 
Equality in the «Era of the Common Man»,» American Historical Review, vol. 76, 
no. 4 (October 1971), pp. 989-1031, and Jacksonian America: Society, Personality, 
and Politics, Dorsey Series in American History, Rev. ed. (Homewood, 111.: 
= Dorsey Press, 1978). 


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Soviet Power’. » Paper Presented at: Meeting Of The Petrograd Soviet Of 
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John Ehrenberg, : JaA i oU jll 0 A 4 J ^»LA ^jJu" Jp ^MkVl ^ jJJ (2) 

77ie Dictatorship of the Proletariat: Marxism’s Theory of Socialist Democracy 
(New York: Routledge, 1992). 


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Friedrich August von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom , with a Foreword by (4) 
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Karl Polanyi, T/ie Greo? Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), (9) 
and Sheldon S. Wolin, Politics and Vision; Continuity and Innovation in Western 
Political Thought (Boston: Little, Brown, [I960]), chap. 9. 

Hayek, Ibid., p. 106. (10) 

.206 ^ t *_i j-udl (11) 

Carl Joachim Friedrich and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian (12) 
Dictatorship and Autocracy, 2 nd ed., rev. by Carl J, Friedrich (Cambridge: Harvard 
University Press, 1965). 


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o y ^ A^a\ ^ -LiU . <u* (Mass) 


.279 C - — iJ jJUai! (16) 

Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (Cleveland; New York: (17) 
Meridian, 1966). 


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343 



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.311 ^jP i4~Ji> jJL^ail (20) 
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Jacques Rupnik, «Totalitarianism Revisited,® in: John Keane, ed„ Cjvj 1 / (24) 
Society and the State: New European Perspectives (London; New York: Verso, 
1988), p. 272, and Agnes Heller, «An Imaginary Preface to the 1984 edition of The 
Origins of Totalitarianism,® in: Reiner Schurmann, ed.. The Public Realm : Essays 
on Discursive Types in Political Philosophy, SUNY Series in Philosophy (Albany: 
State University of New York Press, 1989), p. 2S6. 

Ferenc Feher, Agnes Heller and Gyorgy Mrkus, Dictatorship over (25) 

Needs (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983). 


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Mihaly Vajda, «East-Central European Perspectives, » in: Keane, ed., (32) 

Civil Society and the Stale: New European Perspectives , p. 340. 

Vaclav Havel, «The Power of Powerless,# in: Vaclav Havel, Open (33) 
Letters: Selected Writings, 1965-1990 , Selected and Edited by Paul Wilson (New 
York: Knopf, 1991), pp. 125-214. 

Vaclav Havel, «Politics and Conscience,# in: Havel, Open Letters: (34) 
Selected Writings, 1965-1990, pp. 249-271. 


350 



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Vajda, «East-Central European Perspectives^ p. 342. (35) 

Robert F. Miller, «Civil Society in Communist Systems: An (36) 
Introduction^ in: Robert F. Miller, ed., The Developments of Civil Society in 
Communist Systems (North Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1992), pp. 5-6. 


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j_v£?Ll-hJI o Li US’ j s j o 1 

J Jw*J ^vJj .<^5L>JI oJu-C>*j| 4 j>x_j j-JLjl o -L a ^9 4_J^I ^3 jJjJLJl 
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t ^J-Ul j-<Jl J_^J v — ^L-Jl i i^UJl J^J ^J (. 

.jL^LJl ^uiLjJ 4jl^« ^jli ^yy y»x^}\ ^1j>“Ij 


Jeffrey C. Goldfarb, «Social Bases of Independent Public Expression in (38) 
Communist Societies,)) American Journal of Sociology, vol. 83, no. 4 (January 
1978), pp. 920-939. 


354 



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. k I n ~j Lxp l^J yj (1) 1 j^L J I .Jj j»*J ! / «_>c_^w L-U 3 

^ aS” ^>- j j-g4^>j 4 1970 (JLk-*J! w>l Ow<jjfcL-^^ 
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/ s^JI j <uJa^<Jl i>jJ jJl 


Gyorgy Konrad and [van Szelenyi, The Intellectuals on the Road to (39) 

Class Power , Translated by Andrew Arato and Richard E. Allen (New York: 
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), pp. 199-200. 

Daniel Singer, The Road to Gdansk: Poland and the U.S.S.R (New (40) 

York: Monthly Review Press, 1981). 


355 



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i*^L>-»j <• (Samizdat) tJU-*Jl ol>Jj 

la, „•..< jlJ_wo j_Li- y I 1 j_*_^ j (Fying University) ^"'^« jlj.Ja." 
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1885 ^L*J1 y* Ujj Hi .IwLjj ^ tS j*" (iiH|») 

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3 llJ A^ajlla *ll>-l 


356 



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^J-P i)j^S jj_ {j y** i JaJ w^J 1 jl ^Jj t®Lsjl.3 O^o J->t_^Jl H 

j+S* *l^P j_laJl oL*-*-^>->Ji ,^3 J^p\ -LLOJ ^w^wulj 

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A-la-O^.i-j Lp Lp » — 1 J_>*Jlj vJL.-L^3 j i a^jLaJI A-w^O-wJl ^JaJuJl 
oJ-jJU>- a_p 3 1 ^ j_^>Jl oJLa ^J-0-9 /^SsJj . 

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0] ^j-^J • ^3 4...^,,.^2_ll *— 3 j j-laO ^JJij oOj>«J 1 oL«-ol)) 

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jJL p-L>* p1 j-^j <. j ‘OaLwJl 


Adam Michnik, «The New Evolutionism,)) 5w/*v^’, no. 22 (Summer- (41) 
Autumn 1976), p. 269. 

.274j 271 ^ t4~i (42) 


357 



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Ui* jj)la«3l ^aL jj L)L I ^-A . . . ^ j-Jl <W?jL*-<iJl y^i La oj® 
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( JjL^I ^ja ^pL»Jj>-'yi Jaiwa 1 1 l^-a-Ldj ojLll^'yi 


(44), 




®^JnX-^J| 1 ^ /^_P ^1-3 >XJ I t_. JJa lo A^yp\ jJL^j w\J I L)| vj^-® 

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.273 4 4^*oij j.x.^ll (43) 

.274 t ^ jJUflil (44) 

Andrew Arato, «Civil Society against the State: Poland, 1980-8 1,» (45) 
Telos, no. 47 (Spring 1981), pp. 23-47. 


358 



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^-SC>tJi Jui^woJl <JL>-xJl 3 ^oL^2j ^L>xjI jjb j->*-sM 3)L°jJl 


J^LS3]l : Independent and Self-Governing Labor Union Solidarity (#) 

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359 




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^>- N 1 Aja_>t_Ul <L)jL>*_a i_g_>L> i J ,-.Io lj j ^-P 


Adam Michnik, Letters from Prison and Other Essays , Translated by (46) 

Maya Latynski; Foreword by Czeslaw Milosz; Introduction by Jonathan Schell 
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). p. 124. 

Andrew Arato, «Empire vs. Civil Society: Poland, !981-82,» Telos, no. (47) 

50 (Winter 1981-1982), pp. 19-48. 

S. Frederick Starr, «Soviet Union: A Civil Society ,» Foreign Policy , no. (48) 

70 (Spring 1988), pp. 26-41. 


360 



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(49) 


iLol j_*JI jl LJl 5»- jLS’ JJ 23 b sjlpI^ O I j^yisS I ^y2-x - 1 b^J_} i g a J} 

4-Js>! j. &. > .xJ 1 yS' olj ^.*^g,^..ll Qh,_x>..«ai j I 4_] ^-tJl qL>sj oJU^LjJl 

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^ jSj^] JL>^JI ‘j~a aJI y^>j .3 3^ w ^l ^Lol La_^I^ 


Gail W. Lapitius, «State anti Society: Toward the Emergence of a Civil (49) 
Society in the Soviet Union,» in: Scwcryn Bialcr, ed., Politics, Society, and 
Nationality inside Gorbachev’s Russia (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989). 


361 



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^_£*3Jl ^lal AJ 1 DjI ^a-!Lj A3^\-P aJ O^ljl (JjLAj^Lj 

c-o^j jl5 aJjjJI l y& ^\j +&')')! \ ^\ a^jLJI aJ j_pjJ . 50 ((<p jj^uJ! 
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O I ,^-Lp Aa 3 Lij| W C Amo'La*! aIiLaiJ 

A^fl j-Xjl AAiaXo ^ ^ . ^AaaajIj 


Adam Michnik, «Whai We Want to Do and What We Can Do?,» (50) 

Telos , no. 47 (Spring 1981), p. 75. and Mihaly Vajda, The State and Socialism : 
Political essays (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981). 

Michnik, Ibid., p. 73. (51) 


362 



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. ^ ^ i j i .^U (52) 

Marta Toch, Reinventing : ^ Uu io J^- SjO ilL«S ii^C i)lu» (53) 

Civil Society: Poland's Quiet Revolution, 1981-1986 , Helsinki Watch Report (New 
York: U.S. Helsinki Watch Committee, 1986); Poland in the Eighties: Social 
Revolution Against Real Socialism: Conference on « Poland Since Martial Law: The 
Search for Normalisation »: Papers , Edited by Robert F. Miller (Canberra: 
Australian National University, 1984), and Vladimir Tismaneanu, ed.. In Search 
of Civil Society: Independent Peace Movements in the Soviet Bloc (New York: 
Routledge, 1990). 


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Havel. «The Power of Powerless». (54) 

Gyorgy Konrad, Antipolitics: An Essay, Translated from the (55) 
Hungarian by Richard E. Allen (New York; San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, 
Jovanovich, 1984), p. 67. 


364 



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.167 ^ 4^-i, jJu^il (57) 
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Vaclav Havel, Disturbing the Peace: Aj 4,229 ^y> n_~ a_J jj_^ail (60) 

Conversation with Karel Hvizdala, Translated from the Czech and with an 
Introduction by Paul Wilson (New York: Knopf, 1990), pp. 125 ff. 

Havel, «Politics and Conscience,)) p. 269. (61) 

Konrad, Ibid., p. 229. (62) 


366 



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Agnes Heller, «On Formal Democracy, » in: Keane, ed., C/v/7 Society (63) 
and the Stale: New European Perspectives , p. 131. 


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Vladimir Tismaneanu, «Against Socialist Militarism: The Independent (64) 

Peace Movement in the German Democratic Republic, » in: Tismaneanu, cd.. 
In Search of Civii Society: Independent Peace Movements in the Soviet Bloc , 
p. 182. 


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Chandran Kukathas. David W. Lovell and William Maley, eds., The (65) 
Transition from Socialism: Stale and Civil Society in the USSR (Melbourne: 
Longman Cheshire, 1991), Introduction, pp. 2-3. 


.6 L<uii j-Vall (66) 


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A2 ^ ^ jJL^all (67) 

Laszlo Csapo, «The Implosion of Collectivist Societies, » in: Tbid., pp. (68) 
171-172. 


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T. H. Rigby, «The USSR: End of Long, Dark Night,» j m ij jJc_all (70) 

in: Miller, ed.. The Developments of Civil Society in Communist Systems, p. 14. 


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Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba. The Civic Culture; Political (10) 
Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations, an Analytic Study. Little, Brown Series 
in Comparative Politics ([Boston]: Little, Brown, [1965]), p. ix. 


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LSL^-^A5 IwLii c <t^ai jl** Jl^j N (13) 

Peter Bachrach. The Theory of Democratic Elitism; a Critique, : <. jjia_dl UL^J 

Basic Studies in Politics (Boston: Little, Brown, [1967]). 


386 



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Almond and Verba, Ibid., p. 245. 


(14) 

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.339 <.a~i jJUoll (17) 


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Angus Campbell [et alj. The American : 4 aj^ j-iJl IJL» J-p JLl» j (19) 

Koter (New York: Wiley, [I960]). 

Valdimer Orlando Key, Public Opinion and American Democracy (New (20) 
York: Knopf, 1961). 


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(New York: International Publishers, 1971), p. 238. 


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Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, «The Culture Industry: (28) 
Enlightenment as Mass Deception,)) in: Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. 
Adorno, eds., Dialectic of Enlightenment , trans. John Cumming (New York: 
Continuum, 1995), pp. 120-167. 


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Neil Postman. Amusing Ourselves In Death: Public Discourse in the Age (29) 
of Show Business (New York: Viking, 1985). 


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Herbert Marcuse, One- Dimensional Man ; Studies in the Ideology of (30) 
Advanced Industrial Society (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966), p. xvi. 


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.57 ^ ^ jX^il (32) 

Stephen Eric Bronner, Of Critical Theory and its Theorists (Oxford, (33) 
UK; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994). 


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Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition, Charles R. Walgreen (34) 
Foundation Lectures ([Chicago]: University of Chicago Press. [1958]), p. 33. 

.38 c *u— aj j.r. .a ll (35) 


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Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man: On the Social Psychology of (37) 
Capitalism (New York: Random House, 1978), p. 4. 


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Jurgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a (52) 
Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy , Translated by William Rehg, Studies in 
Contemporary German Social Thought (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 
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Robert N. Bellah [et at.]. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and (56) 
Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 
p. 282. 


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Robert D. Putnam, Robert Leonardi and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, Making (64) 
Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton 
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(March - April 1996), pp. 17-20. 

Sidney Tarrow, «Making Social Science Work across Space and Time: (73) 

A Critical Reflection on Robert Putnam’s Making Democracy Work,» American 
Political Science Review, vol. 90, no. 2 (June 1996). pp. 389-397. 


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Benjamin R. : jiaJI i.ii,'L_JI Jjw-aJl ^ L,- JLf..-- l 1 wLw^l Jp S jLj3 (1) 

Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Ballantine Books. 1996); Jean Bethke 
Elshtain, Democracy on Trial (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Francis Fukuyama, 
Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 
1995); Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and its Rivals (New 
York: Allen Lane; Penguin Press, 1994), and Adam B. Seligman: The Idea of Civil 
Society (New York: Free Press; Maxwell Macmillan International; Toronto: 
Maxwell Macmillan Canada, 1992), and The Problem of Trust (Princeton, NJ: 
Princeton University Press, 1997). 

Colin L. Powell, ((Recreating the Civil Society - One Child at a Time,» (2) 
Brookings Review, vol. 15, no. 4 (Fall 1997), pp. 2-3. 


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Political Science Review, vol. 52, no. 3 (September 1958), pp. 754-770. 
McConnell, Private Power and American Democracy, p. 107. (6) 


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Jane J. Mansbridge, Beyond Adversary Democracy, University of (12) 
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p. 35. 

.70-68 ^ t «_i; jju^il (13) 


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Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman and Henry E. Brady, ^oi'ce and (17) 
Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard 
University Press, 1995), p. 3. 


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Sara Rimer, «The Fraying of Community, » in: New York Times, The (23) 
Downsizing of America (New York: Times Books, [1996]), pp. 1 1 1-138. 

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William Julius Wilson: «When Work Disappears.)) New York Times, (27) 
18/8/1996, and The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and 
Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987). 


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Wilson, «When Work Disappears,)* p. 28. (28) 

Verba, Schlozman and Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in (29) 
American Politics , p. 509. 


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Edward N. Wolff, Top Heavy: A Study of the Increasing Inequality of (30) 
Wealth in America (New York: New Press, 1995); Gary Wills, «It’s His Party, » 
jVe>v York Times , 11/8/1996, and New York Times : 22/6/1992 and 16/8/1992. 


465 



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Theda Skocpol, «Unravelling From Above,» American Prospect, no. 25 (32) 
(March - April 1996), pp. 20-25. 


467 



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Jonathan Kozol, Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools (33) 

(New York: Crown Pub., 1991). 


468 



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George Soros, «The Capitalist Threat, » Atlantic Monthly , vol. 279, (34) 
no. 2 (February 1997), p, 45. 


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(Private and Public and a_oJl*JI j Jo j^_«JI j ;>L*Jl j ^L>«JI 

oloJl ji^LftJ jft- 5J p.a.1 J-*J : Publicness and Publicity) 

(Public) LftAS ^OjiooOij . J ol-Oo j ^lo jl-Xo Jl l- 4 -»- — '€ y> 
(Public ^a ^£o~ ^^3 4 ( a»p L ft->sJ 1 ) '.^^3 oO-c- oL*-ft-p 

U5 iiaJuJl <Lw^jL&ftj (jLi ^1 jl School) 

^Ul Jl oLaJ*-*Jl ^ya t j-Lco j-& 

j^-4-tl-LwoJl .(^Ul _. LlLp _ ^1-p) 

^»La 


472 



iLJ* ^ iJ j-Jl : (Estate and Class) iJ 

^lp A^jli A^pLwri A^j jA — LaJ \ Lai • ^>ljL}^[l j\ y ^lp 

.O-yAA 4-Jltllj i AaJJco J jSM 

(Estate and Guild and J-JjUcJlj i-J j->Jl oLLJIj i-J ^Jl 

^*1p ^:>LJl jyaJI ^1 jaj Jl ‘Jup-U! 3\p jJ ’.Corporates) 

Ju>- t -LLP 4 ^wPL.» J L>-^ 1 u ul j^ - J l <J->" t j^ +S- ^ L-J i J 

ijlJU L>^g-jl a_>- j j l aJLL*-* (i^Jlis p I ) oLLaj yytJia^A ^-w-3 
tj^uJI oL>- J5 ^ (Cornorates) 4 *pLj3-1 oLJjUJ 

j\ (Status) 4 jL^>JI ^-Ip \ I y* (JLSC^I 

J ill . aS jJLniw^Jl ^cJ Ls<a^»J l ^1 ^j/3 ./3 >c^Jl^ 1 J}\ t L. « li 

jjjJl ~Laj ‘CP 1 lIp I JJ >1 oJ-® 

(Intermediary Bodies and 4 ta « jJl ol t, : , $Jl j -J-^Jl 

pX>JI cjL^-a ^ A-k^ jJl : Institutions) 

^3 ^1 tA^pliajNl ,^-L>*-<*J 1 

ii I jJLJI ^Ja-L«-x (1)15 J . 4_s_L>c^»_]| 0 j 3-SJI ® jbj 

o j_& p-LiJlj tA_LoL5 Ajj5 j-* aJsJ-w- jj i ^JLUa.*Jl 

Aj^jlj 4 La . . xj ^y\ | l **-J Lt . ^ 1 1 jf <*Z~J yd ' y£~w**J yA pJL^I 

4jllp-0.ll 4 la \ m »*+\\ yO Jl>«Jl ^Jl WC^UaJL-Jl ^*** *Qj ^ <A y$A A 

«ula.^ j ji . ll oijLlaNl ^1 p kLi>*Jl li^U* L^l> 1 0[j <• 

oJLLJI ApL<*j>*J <C-^1 j 3 bL^Jspl W y *-t3 J .p-^\-jJ\ 4-dJaJ 

^IpI j a /jp ^>o o 19 ^5^ 

^jkl! ,yU C-J.Jj t 4 la ~ J t, A-^P jJp W>bL>ul jl kjl JJ 0 J J *s7) IflpLwP 

J jjjJl 0>L jj>- AjLo->»J t aJ j jJl J 

^-L-l f i.A I jut : (Separate Spheres) iU^jLuJl 

^joLv* <j*-~aAa ob>«3li aJu^J j a_^jJL> 


473 



^ 4 ^- ■- fti ' - J lljl-i— _a ( J^_J (J^Uj <w>l?-) 

(o'bfL^oJl jl) JL^ajJj'i/l Ij-ft |» .. ^a . ~ 

- * ^ J' j - ^ ■ *-w^-J l . • Z.a 1 I i ~? a J ^ ■> j..— **| 

^jjLoJl e»La> 4 >-jJ (j-al_yjl jl) J-aUJl _jJ6 L> : jJ6 
^1 i 1 4 •« a < i-JljJl ., f} o I I <l«.Xj>- <LL^2 jLL^J| 

(ojlw jl 4 ~>-jU»- iji ^jJl <L>-L>- <L«j oj ^»| t l _j'jU>-'yi 


474 





Epicureans 


Wages 


Discursive Ethics 

^jIa) Ljliai- (3*^1 

Dissident Literature 

c-Ol 

General Will 

ioUJl 

Despotism 


Unsocial Sociability 

(Jails) 1 

Markets 


Political Economy 

^L-Jl 

Embedded Economy 


Production of Subsistence 

sJUfll 

Economic Man 


Humanism 


Introversion 

oljUl J* *|jkrtl ji /jlill •IjkVl 


475 



Perestorika 


Exchange JjLJl 

Household Managing (Oikonomia) I t JdJ ^jdl 


Commodification 
Pluralism 
Division of Labor 
Intermediate Associations 
Enlightenment 
Political Culture 
French Revolution 
Guilds 

Communitarianism 

Community 

Commonwealth 

Collectivism 

State of Nature 

Modernity 

Natural Rights 

Oligarchy 

Autocracy 


LojocJI 

(.kjlj^Jl) oL.ia. uj l 

<L~»L»Jl AilSill 
L— > S j jill 
^ 1 1 .oLL^Ll 
oLLi-l 
apUJL-( 

C a^l— li 

L^UjLI 
(il jJ) 4»..lall JL- 
SiloJ-l 

aJL«J1 

jiiall j*5cLl 


476 



Mixed Polity 

The Good 

Mixed Constitution 

Constitutionalism 

Secularism 

Donatists 

Regnum 

Social Capital 

Capitalism 

Stoicism 

Rent 

Sacerdotarium 

Populus 

Innate Moral Sentiment 
Mode of Production 
Communism 
Sovereign 
Common Good 
Culture Industry 
Fetishism of Commodities 


5laJb>J.I <U 
I Jlto t 1 
.la.l ->%ll 

iSjjJl 

Jill 

iJLw,! J\ 
aJIj ^1 

4^531 -dal*- 

I Sj^ 

i^y\ ^y\ 

4*h£* . 1 1 

oLw~Jl ^>-Ug 

iiUiJl apIw? 

^L~J! <Lw? 


477 



Class 


Estate 

Family 

Tithes 

Social Contract 
Instrumental Reason 
Practical Reason 
Pure Reason 

Impersonal Social Relations 

Glasnost 

Nonstate 

Profit 

Calculating Individual 

Categorial Imperative 

Physiocrats 

Agrarian Law 

Law of Unanticipated 
Consequences 

Artificial Man 


ill lull 

-U»Jl 

Ja*Jl 

(JailS) JiJl 

(JailS) JjSjJI 

4,wa>w»^Ul I 

aJjjJlS [>■ 

oJjLaJl 

4.A.la:U A - /•! 1 ■jfi 

(ll) y. n ■ .lalQ i) yb\ A 

I j_^ili 

(0 y *~ j*A) ^dlliil O y\i 

v Ja-A* j^JlS 
O ^~J£ll 


Cynics 


478 



Church Visible 


Principle of Expense 
Mass Society 
Intimacy Society 
Totally Administered Society 
Society of Societies 
Civil Society 
Interest Groups 
Mercantilism 
Private Interests 
Res Privata 
Res Publica 
Barter 
Properity 
Antistatist 
Antipolitics 
Idiotes 

Moral Metaphysics 
Public Sphere 
Discursive Public Sphere 


(jjji) AjysliaJl 

L15 iolj^U 

( jv * 3 ) 

JJlil 

^Jlvall wl jLp *-•*->- 


LSOil 

^ ■ A ft l A 

^^UJl ^ jiJl _ jJs >1 jll 
jlxil 


i jp LjLl ^JLs<aJl /“WjULI i»*L^2ll 
^JLs<aJl /<LoL*Jl i^JUzLl 
iwajliil 


479 



Internationalism 


(aJLIxJI j!) aJ^jJI ap^JI 


Totalitarianism 
Individualism 
Universalism 
Localism 
System of Needs 
Ancient Regime 
Monarchy 

Theory of Unintended 
Consequences 

Theory of Obligation 

Hegemony 

Obligation 

Happy Consciouness 
Invisible Hand 


A*1 AP^Jl 

AjJ jjill apjJI 
a~LSL!I ap^JI 


(i-J ojjZS\ j»U Jp JjLJI) ^Lladl 

(ajS'jU _^ ll) ^£111 ^Uidl 

Q ^ dll ^p Aj jiij 

j}\ Aj jiii 
(,_j-LaI^p) ll 

jU cjjijA) 1 _ y pjJt 

(O-w jol) a J ^,11 ^ jJl 


480 



£f>*l 


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